The Organic Machine: A Discussion of Human Relationships with Nature

By Derek Newberry, Advocacy Fellow

            As a concerned environmentalist and general lover of history, I have recently taken up reading about the dynamic relationships between humans and the natural world. Last week, I read Richard White’s 1995 book, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River, and I was moved by the seeming unending relevance and difficulty in establishing a clear and sustainable relationship with the natural world.

            This short yet surprisingly effective environmental history tells the story of the Columbia River from its inception in the early Miocene Epoch until 1995 BCE. White focuses his discussion on the interactions between Northwestern American peoples and their environment during the 19th and 20th centuries and describes how energy, labor, competition, and (in)justice bring people and nature together. He argues that the inevitable interactions between humans and nature have culminated in a misplaced overconfidence in human agency and ability to replace natural systems. Centuries of narrow and exploitative thinking have obfuscated healthier and more holistic interpretations of proper human-nature relationships and created the overworked and transformed Columbia of today. By viewing the Columbia and environment in general as interconnected and interdependent systems instead of as fragmented purposes and parts, society can prevent continued overuse, destruction, and pollution while reducing conflict, ethical injustice and loss of cultural heritage and social wellbeing. This message has a nearly universal application, from USGBC MA’s promotion of integrated green building and the sustainable built environment to the National Park Service’s protection of natural lands and our decisions on what we buy, where we get our food, and how we vote.


            From the beginning, White underscores how society has forgotten its close intimacy with nature, especially in regards to the Columbia River and the myriad of services it offers. Early on, he notes how the 258,200 square miles of river watershed create a dynamic energy system that constantly adjusts to “compensate for events that affect [it]”: suggesting that society should follow suit (White 6, 12). Yet many have lacked the heightened awareness necessary for effective adaptation and have experienced serious difficulties in their attempts to conquer or harness the power of the river. White provides an expansive backstory to demonstrate the foolhardy fishing and sailing journeys of newly established white settlers and entrepreneurs looking to exploit the river in the mid 19th century. Despite the many lives lost, white Americans focused on the singular aspects of the river, largely in the form of economic benefits from fishing, and ignored the natural balances and boundaries followed by all other organisms in the area for millions of years; balances understood by Native Americans for centuries were quickly forgotten.


            Unsurprisingly, the history of the Columbia has come to depict a classic example of careless environmental consumption and local destruction. As Americans moved in, Native Americans died in catastrophic smallpox and malaria epidemics, salmon were transformed from a valuable cultural symbol to an economic commodity to be canned and shipped away for profit, and the river became a haven for steamboats and small industry. As White says, “Oregonians sought to transform the river – to tame the bar, deepen the channels, and blast passages through rapids […] Humans forced the river to remove part of the sands and silt it annually deposited, and they took the rest, filling in marshes and creating new land” (37). The army corps of engineers and railroads started to reimagine the physical landscape, many pushed for more, for the contraction of dams, and expansion of farms, irrigation, and infrastructure. From the late 19th century on, increasing population size and demand for food led to overfishing that quickly spiraled out of control. Many conflicts also arose as fish started disappearing, capitalist became more powerful, and the river became more and more engineered; as some said, the rich industrialists and capitalists had “perverted work by using machines to plunder nature and displace human labor” (44).  

            In response, many people turned to the government to save their way of life. However, during the early to mid 20th century, the government had little idea of how to accurately manage natural systems. To stop fish stocks from disappearing, an intervention was targeted at enhancing the spawning process and building fish ladders or passes through dams (as pictured above at the John Day Dam) instead of preventing overfishing and blockages in the first place. The new salmon “hatcheries sought to wed technology and biology, to merge factory-like production with natural reproduction. The canners, many fishermen, and many experts on the fisheries came to regard nature as inefficient” (47). Desires to improve nature’s efficiency remain strong to this day despite their failure to actually increase salmon population sizes, improve relationships between Native Americans and others, and stop capitalist magnates from outcompeting smaller fishermen: a theme that rings true throughout much of human-environmental interaction around the world.

            Salmon population control became a particularly poignant topic of debate during the early 1920s. Over time government bodies took control of the entire salmon life cycle, from the ineffective “Frankensteinian” hatcheries to physically shipping young fish from the spawning grounds out to sea so they could avoid the dozens of dams built during the 20th century (47). Habitat destruction, deforestation, building, and overfishing have all but caused salmon to disappear today and now require humans to grow and move them from place to place so that they may mature to adulthood: all so that they may be fished by local fishermen later. White points out, “Salmon had knit together the energy of land and sea; they had knit together human and nonhuman labor; salmon had defined the river for millennia” (89). Now that they were disappearing, both native and local peoples loudly voiced their desires to save the salmon, but they rarely pushed to reduce the dams and infrastructure that caused their decline.


            The new equilibrium has decimated the salmon populations and made carp and shad the dominant fish species in the river. Meanwhile, Native Americans have desperately fought to enforce treaties “securing” their rights to fish salmon, and many other Americans in the Northwestern US argue for their rights to fish salmon. Consequently, the US government has hemorrhaged billions to breed and protect the once ubiquitous salmon population in the Columbia. These expenditures now outweigh the economic benefits from fishing the salmon, but to the locals, “Salmon are not so much a means of making a good living as symbols of the good life itself” (92). The misuse and increasing human influence have destroyed the most recognizable and culturally beloved aspect of the Columbia and encouraged an entrenched misunderstanding of healthy human-nature relationships.


            White also discusses the growth of dams and mixing of the organic and inorganic to utilize energy. During WWI, the need for centralized electrical power became an absolute necessity to reduce the coal burden on railways and make room for soldiers and supplies. However, while the “Columbia was the country’s greatest single source of hydroelectricity,” there was not enough demand to make their construction economic until FDR’s New Deal (54). FDR created thousands of local jobs and expanded jobs through dam building throughout the Columbia and facilitated the growth of heavy industry (such as the plant shown here, note the water pollution and proximity to the river). Leading into WWII, areas around the Columbia became hives of aluminum production which increased demand for additional dam building and provided an “immediate service as an outlet for human labor” (56). Interestingly, engineers viewed dams as mimicking nature since some of the largest glacial dams in the world existed in the same area during the Pleistocene epoch; in their view, they were returning it to a previous natural state (57). Nonetheless, increased damming harmed local wildlife, prevented fish from moving to spawning grounds, overstressed the landscape, and allowed for another and more harmful industry. After WWII, the plutonium industry (the Hanford site pictured here) took off with little understanding of the environmental impacts of nuclear materials and a possibility for local contamination. Eventually, nuclear power joined the mix and together these industries released large amounts of radionuclides and other toxins into the environment including arsenic, chromium, and iodine 131 to name a few (81). As with the management of salmon, after billions of dollars of cleanup, we still did not seem to understand, and we still had and have a “failed relationship with nature” (59).


            Overall, Richard White’s, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River, provides a distinct regional perspective on the mixing of social, economic, and cultural influences on the environment and the intense and constant relationship they share. Some of the notable and popular 19th century influences on the Columbia included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Lewis Mumford’s belief in a “utopian future” created through the mixing of machinery, labor, nature and society (58, 60). Of course, the dams and infrastructure provided power, irrigation, grew the economy and increased standards of living in the minds of most. Yet how much benefit did the industry and damming really bring when they also caused billions in toxic cleanup (Columbia river pollution pictured here) and natural management and irreplaceable losses of other natural systems and cultural pastimes such as fishing. These projects have brought about an uncompromising view of human dominance and control that has allowed salmon to transform from a once prosperous species to a “swimming genetic bank” (105). These ideals led to today’s oversimplified representation natural systems, an ignorance of our past, and belief that humans can disassemble and reassemble nature just like a machine (110).

            However, as the title suggests, the Columbia and natural systems around the world are not regular machines, but are instead “organic machines,” and regardless of our influence they are “still tied to larger organic cycles beyond our control” (112). Nature clearly “has purposes of its own which do not readily yield to desires to maximize profit,” and society must come together and understand the mutualistic relationship of nature and human society through careful analysis of the effectiveness and non-monetary impacts of change (113). Preventative measures and increased awareness through education and advocacy will help solve many of the issues society spends so much time mitigating. Using a preventative approach will prepare society for climate change and mitigate its impacts, it will enhance renewable energy initiatives, expand net zero building policies, and reduce toxic contamination of the environment we are so wholly dependent upon. No longer shall the future be “forged amidst our inattention,” but instead be carefully and humbly prepared for through socially and environmentally responsible work: and lots of it (64).

 

References

White, Richard. The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River. Hill and Wang, 1995.

Images Listed in Order of Appearance 

Stanley, John Mix. Scene on the Columbia River. 1852, oil on canvas, Tacoma Art Museum, Washington. Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49105028

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “Cascade Locks and Falls.” Wikimedia Commons, Oct. 2007, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2740084

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “Fish ladder at John Day Dam.” Wikimedia Commons, Nov. 2005. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=400114

United States Department of Energy. “Hanford N Reactor adjusted.” Wikimedia Commons, Feb. 2008, Image N1D0069267, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3504581

Falconer, David. “Industrial Plant on the Upper Columbia River.” Wikimedia Commons, Oct. 2011, NARA record: 1427627, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17082005

Daniels, Gene. “Effluent From Pulp Mills Pollutes Columbia River.” Wikimedia Commons, Oct. 2011, NARA record: 8463941, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16916904

 

 

Embedding Sustainable Design into Design Process

By USGBC Communications

USGBC MA Chapter Sponsor, Levi + Wong Design Associates set an example for how to incorporate sustainable design into all aspects of design practice. Over half of the professional staff is LEED accredited, and as a whole, the firm believes sustainability is not an “added value” to otherwise conventional projects, but rather a thought process embedded in every step of project design.


From site design to envelope analysis to daylighting studies to material selection, Levi + Wong Design projects embrace a holistic approach to systems and materials.  The firm offers clients a proactive, research-based, budget-conscious approach aimed at delivering cost-effective, maintenance-friendly, healthy buildings.  

The firm considers short term performance metrics such as daylight harvesting, total energy consumption and water use, as well as the long term impacts of potential future expansion and infrastructure replacement. To Levi + Wong Design, sustainability is really just another term for good, common sense design, employing materials and systems that minimize waste, maximize performance and deliver the best value over the life of the project. 

 


An example of this holistic approach is exemplified by The D’Youville Center for Advanced Therapy in Lowell, MA. The 25,000 square foot state-of-the-art facility is designed for a single site experience that supports the needs of patients across the continuum of care.

To promote healing and wellness, natural light permeates through windows strategically located in corridors, patient rooms and therapy spaces drawing light into interior spaces. The large windows views in the rehabilitation gym create a connection with the local neighborhood and exterior courtyards allow patients access to outdoors relaxation and community re-entry training experiences. A clean modern look was created using simple forms, detailing, and proportion, and was complimented with natural materials such as wood and stone to create spaces that are warm and comfortable.

Boston Takes 5th in National LEED Certified Space

By Derek Newberry, Advocacy Fellow


Of all the municipalities in the country, Boston, Massachusetts now ranks 5th in total LEED-certified space. Accumulating an impressive 15.4 million square feet of LEED-certified space in 2016, Boston has established itself as a clear leader in green construction and sustainable design. In addition to the 6 LEED platinum and 18 LEED Gold projects in 2016, Boston now outranks many of the greenest cities in the country including Houston, Denver, and Los Angeles, and has more LEED-certified square footage than Austin, Miami, and San Diego combined.

Boston’s impressive growth mirrors that of Massachusetts and demonstrates the ever-increasing demand for LEED certification. According to recent statistics by the national USGBC, Massachusetts achieved the highest per capita LEED-certified square footage of any state in the country in 2016 at 3.73 sq. ft. per person. USGBC Massachusetts’ executive director Grey Lee also told the Boston Business Journal, “Whether it’s an owner or a consultant or a contractor, you’ve got a lot of people paying attention to this, because the market demands it.” Lee has been a strong advocate of LEED for years and has witnessed its ability to increase value, drive demand, and distinguish property: “LEED is a global brand, and people recognize it as a third-party accountability structure that helps all parties get their game to a better level.”

In addition to the current 2017 advocacy priorities, USGBC Massachusetts continues to advocate for increased LEED certification, training, and awareness and believes in supporting a more sustainable, efficient, and environmentally conscious society. Recent state-level legislation, local and national advocacy efforts, and increasing international competition will continue to drive LEED growth in Boston and many other municipalities around the country. However, buildings in MA still account for 49% of the state’s GHG emissions and consume 50% of all energy used in the state. Clearly, continued implementation of LEED will not only reduce environmental impact, carbon emissions and decrease costs, but it will drastically improve quality of life for generations to come. Yet, Boston's current progress demonstrates a new level of commitment to sustainability and should be celebrated as a sign of future progress. Like our director loves to say, Boston is becoming a “Wicked Green” city, and nothing is going to stop it. 

 

 

 

Over 100 MA Organizations Sign Petition to Protect EPA Programs

By Derek Newberry, Advocacy Fellow


In less than two weeks, over 100 Massachusetts organizations, including a number of architectural firms, construction companies, universities, and energy efficiency and renewable energy organizations have signed on to the US Green Building Council's letter to protect the EPA's ENERGY STAR, WaterSense, and Safer Choice programs from losing funding. In opposition to the recently proposed budget, MA companies have demonstrated their commitment and support for smart and proven public programs that have vastly improved US consumer safety, expanded energy efficiency, and reduced trillions of gallons of unnecessary water use. While companies from around the country continue to back the initiative, MA has established itself as a leader in sustainability and environmentally conscious development.

Among their many benefits, ENERGY STAR, WaterSense, and Safer Choice have saved consumers, businesses, and state and local governments hundreds of billions in costs while providing effective technical assistance and research data for economic growth. ENERGY STAR has saved consumers over $430 billion in utility payments since its inception in 1992 and maintains an exceptional brand awareness of almost 90%. Cutting these programs will not only increase consumer’s energy bills and prevent an effective and sustainable energy transition into the future, but it will also eliminate or endanger tens of thousands of jobs around the country (and the world).


These programs have become international standards of excellence and demonstrate the ability for government programs to work effectively with the market to produce change. The EPA's ENERGY STAR, WaterSense, and Safer Choice programs have proven themselves as economically, environmentally, and socially indispensable and cannot be allowed to disappear or lose funding. Please take a moment to sign the USGBC’s letter to demonstrate your organization’s support for these essential programs. Please send your support to your representatives in congress if you are an individual and let them know how important these programs are to our health, our environment, and our future. 

April 2017 Newsletter: Times are a Changin'

By Grey Lee


Read the full newsletter here!

What a funny week-long spectrum of weather, but I did soak up some sunshine Sunday on my back deck. The ice-coating from Saturday melted out from under my chair and the birds were singing! It's looking like Spring is finally coming around, and it'll be good to get outside more often.

What did you do this weekend to connect with nature?

A big theme of our organization right now is Greenbuild 2017 – we are the host Chapter, after all. Last Thursday's Greenbuild Networking Night was the most fun I've had in a long time. Thank you to our Host Committee (above) – they are doing tremendous work. It was great to see our growing staff take charge and even perhaps upstage me! We saw lots of familiar faces, but plenty of new ones as well – all ready to go All-In this November. Thank you Shawmut for hosting us.

Are you looking for a new opportunity? With my departure coming up in May, we're searching for a new Executive Director. Apply or share with a friend

Let me draw you in to my situation. As I peruse the course catalog at the Kennedy School, I am faced with the challenge of choice. I am going to keep building my career on the theme of sustainability in the built environment, but allow me to ask you: what can you see me doing after this program, on the other side of a Master's in Public Administration? What kind of classes do you recommend? I would be delighted to hear your suggestions.

Meanwhile, let's focus on the upcoming programming coming up this month right here at USGBC Massachusetts! Please see below.

Read the full newsletter here!

3/30 Greenbuild Networking Night: We're Already All-In!

By USGBC MA


Last Thursday, we held a Greenbuild 2017 themed networking night at Shawmut in Boston. 100 Chapter members and green building enthusiasts filled this gorgeous meeting space for a night of food & drinks, fun times, and Greenbuild preview events that were released to the public for the first time. We love holding events like this. Our community rocks, and it never gets old seeing our community convene at great locations like this all in support of green building! 

Grey Lee took the stage to introduce the night to come. The ever-charismatic Executive Director of the Chapter made sure the front of the room was packed and eager to learn more about the state of Greenbuild 2017. From there, we were honored to have the VP of New England Shawmut Kevin Sullivan stop by to say how stoked they are to be involved in our Chapter and Greenbuild – we need to see more firms this excited!

Judy Nitsch of Nitsch Engineering took the stage to give an update on everything going on with Greenbuild committees this year. Tours, Legacy Projects, Greening Greenbuild, and Student Volunteer groups are all moving forward to make this the best Greenbuild yet.

To wrap the talks up, Emily and Alex of the USGBC MA gave the first-ever, behind-the-scenes updates of Greenbuild 2017. We can't share any details just yet since this was an event-only surprise, but you'll be able to hear about it soon. Be sure to attend our next events to get the news before anyone else!

Special thanks to Nathan at Shawmut, not just for helping us so much with planning this amazing event out, but for taking our community on a tour of Shawmut's Boston HQ. This building is gorgeous and innovative, and everyone followed along with their eyes wide open.


We look forward to seeing you at our next gathering!

See all of the pictures from the event here.

 

Harvard Kennedy School Events!

By Derek Newberry, Advocacy Fellow


Have you ever wondered about how consumers are protected from toxic chemicals or environmental contaminants? What about how you can promote engagement and environmental awareness in your community? Then consider attending one of the Harvard Kennedy School's last two open study groups on “Engaging and Empowering Consumers to Give Clean, Green Products a Market Boost” (4/4) and “Environmental Justice and Citizen Science – How to lift communities that have been left behind and broaden citizen engagement” (4/11).

These two discussions will be led by Gina McCarthy, former EPA Administrator, as well as guest speakers Jim Jones, former EPA Assistant Administrator of the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, and Cynthia Giles, former EPA Assistant Administrator of the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assistance.

These are open to the community and will cover issues from how to engage in environmental issues, chemical and toxics safety laws and protections, and how new technologies are changing the environmental landscape. They will be located at Harvard Kennedy School, Room: Littauer 166, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge 02138. Check out the links above for more information. 

 

 

Welcoming Vernette Allen: Grants Programs Manager

By Grey Lee


Updating our Staff Roster: we have a new full-time staffer at USGBC MA.

Vernette Allen will be managing our grants programs related to workforce development, professional trainings, and other grants to help grow our organization. She comes to us from having participated in the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center's Successful Women in Clean Energy program, and we are really excited to have her on board. She recently managed a multi-year training program for Action for Boston Community Development (ABCD) and grants administration at Jewish Vocational Services and Northeastern University. She has an extensive network in the community development realm in Greater Boston.

Welcome, Vernette!

Hello,
My name is Vernette Allen, my role at USGBC MA Chapter is as Grants Programs Manager. I’m looking forward to working closely with everyone in the green building community. 

My primary focus will be working on new sources of funding, education/training, and workforce development. As well, the Existing Buildings Committee. I hold a B.S. in Business Administration and Master's in Social Work, both from Boston University.

 
I was born in Jamaica, West Indies and was brought up in Brooklyn, NY.  I was fortunate to learn from an early age the importance of the environment and the need to be a steward. 

I am still passionate about the environment. In the past, I had the opportunity to work with the Franklin Park Coalition. My work included advocacy, stewardship and workforce development. I have worked in the non-profit world for several years in various leadership roles. In these roles, I have planned and developed programs. 

I look forward to meeting and working with everyone, on the USGBC MA mission. 
 

The Green Engineer Expands Expertise with BREEAM USA

By USGBC Communications

The Green Engineer, Inc. is a sustainable design consulting firm specializing in solutions to design, build, and operate buildings with improved energy efficiency and reduced impact on the environment. Founded in 2005 by Chris Schaffner, PE, LEED Fellow, the firm has a technical staff of fifteen LEED-Accredited Professionals. The expert team brings to the table experience and perspective from a variety of backgrounds including engineering, architecture, construction, planning, development, and public policy. We practice Integrative Design and see sustainability as a core goal shared by design team members and stakeholders. Our practice uses tools such as energy and daylight modeling and life-cycle assessment of materials to analyze performance and inform our decision-making. We also consult for non-LEED clients, including affordable housing and other non-profit developers. To date, we have managed or been involved in more than 122 LEED certified projects in New England and around the country.


At left, Principals Sarah Michelman, Chris Schaffner, and Erik Ruoff

The Green Engineer Principal, Chris Schaffner, and Project Manager, Ryan Montoni, are now officially licensed as BREEAM USA In-Use Assessors, and The Green Engineer is now a BREEAM USA In-Use Assessor Organization.

BREEAM USA In-Use is a comprehensive and holistic environmental assessment method for assessing and rating the sustainability of existing, commercial assets located within the United States. BREEAM In-Use is applicable to any existing commercial building – regardless of its size or condition. There are no prerequisites or other barriers to using the BREEAM In-Use standard.

 

Hope for Energy Efficiency and Renewables: The States

By Derek Newberry, Advocacy Fellow


  

          Over the last few weeks, federal actions or, more appropriately, attacks against renewable energies and efficiency programs have limited the scope of federal authority and influence over future sustainability. Beginning with Trump’s promises to dismantle the EPA and exit the Paris Agreement, the administration has now proposed a budget that eliminates funding for energy efficiency programs such as ENERGY STAR which by itself has saved US consumers over $430 billion on utility bills, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2.7 billion metric tons since 1992. In addition, yesterday’s executive order will rescind requirements on fossil fuel power plants, initiate a review of the Clean Power Plan, and eliminate protections created by Obama that required all agencies to consider climate change impacts before any major decision.

            However, a new wave of sustainable energy bills has begun to pass throughout the country and given many hope for a new era of state-level leadership in renewable energy. The hundreds of proposed bills include solar tax breaks in South Carolina and Florida, phasing out fossil fuels and going 100% green in California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont, and many energy efficiency and net metering improvements around the country. Opposition to a number of anti-renewable bills has grown and attempts in Wyoming to prohibit utility wind and solar farm energy from being sold to in-state customers and an attempt in North Dakota to delay new wind projects by two years both failed almost immediately. While debates over net metering continue in many areas, the newfound ambition for mandatory and voluntary renewable energy targets demonstrates the continued work towards and potential of a sustainable energy transition.

            Some notable state action includes bills by the Commonwealth, California, and Maryland. Massachusetts’ S.1849, An Act transitioning Massachusetts to 100 percent renewable energy, will require the state to get all of its electricity from renewables by 2035 and power for all heating, transportation and other sectors from renewables by 2050. The bill also requires the state to work with the administrative council for the clean energy transition and the clean energy center of excellence to create effective net zero energy building policies that, among other things, will require all new buildings in Massachusetts to be 100% net zero by 2030 and for all existing buildings to cut emissions by half within the same time. The California Senate leader also introduced Senate Bill No. 584 which will require the state to draw all of its electricity from renewable sources by 2045. Maryland also recently overrode the Governor’s veto to pass new renewable energy standards that require the state to obtain 25% of its power from renewables by 2020.

            In the end, Trump’s crusade against renewable energies will likely fail amidst the rising tide of state-sponsored legislation and energy efficiency momentum. As wind and solar cost have plummeted they have allowed renewables make up a majority of added power generation to the total US and World capacities for the last few years. Even though the US government may not be a leader in energy sustainability and security for the next few years, the states and world will continue fighting through smart, effective, and cooperative energy policies. These will not only protect against the oncoming impacts of climate change, but also thoroughly cap carbon emissions and improve the wellbeing and prosperity of many generations to come.